Briefly, Fluidigm DNA markers were designed to identify nuclei, and CD3, CD4, CD8, CD45, pan-cytokeratin, and -smooth muscle actin were used to identify membranes. exact test. *** 0.01; ns, 0.01. Image_1.TIF (1.4M) GUID:?27C61DA2-DBA3-427A-8F9A-22644A13A094 Supplementary Figure 2: Immune cell responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the kidneys of patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Representative imaging mass cytometry (IMC) for each panel, with different colors to distinguish panels; iridium-DNA staining is shown in blue. (A) Monocytes (CD14 and CD68), CD11b+ macrophages, CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer T (NKT) cells (CD3 and CD56), and B cells (CD19) in the kidneys of controls and patients with COVID-19. (B) Bar plot for the comparison of monocytes (CD14 and CD68), CD11b+ macrophages, CD11c+ DCs, NKT cells (CD3 and CD56), and B cells (CD19) in the kidneys of controls and patients with COVID-19. The significance of differences between groups is shown as horizontal brackets and was assessed using Fisher’s exact test. *** 0.01; ns, 0.01. Image_2.TIF (1.2M) GUID:?4EF146DC-97B9-4F7C-AB70-CA0F77D33EB9 Supplementary Figure 3: Immune cell responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the spleen of patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Representative imaging mass cytometry (IMC) for each panel, with different colors to distinguish panels; iridium-DNA staining is shown in blue. (A) Monocytes (CD14 and CD68), CD11b+ macrophages, CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer T (NKT) cells (CD3 and CD56), and B cells (CD19) in the spleen of controls and patients with COVID-19. (B) Bar plot for the comparison of monocyte (CD14 and CD68), CD11b+ macrophage, CD11c+ DC, NKT cell (CD3 and CD56), and B cell (CD19) counts in the spleen of controls and patients with COVID-19. The significance of differences between groups is shown as horizontal brackets and PRMT8 was assessed using Fisher’s exact test. *** 0.01; ns, 0.01. Image_3.TIF (1.4M) GUID:?69291A05-DF7E-4567-8F0F-7E714E81FB05 Supplementary Table 1: Descriptions of antibodies, isotope tags, clones, and concentrations used for staining. Table_1.XLSX (11K) GUID:?F2315626-880B-459F-B43C-19B9FDF321D3 Supplementary Table 2: Descriptions of patients with COVID-19 and controls. Table_2.XLSX (13K) GUID:?2ADD99FE-0277-42E2-9872-15DDEDE20AF7 Data Availability StatementThe original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary materials, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s. Abstract SARS-coronavirus-2Cinduced immune dysregulation and inflammatory responses are involved in the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). However, very little is known about immune cell and cytokine alterations in specific organs of COVID-19 patients. Here, we evaluated immune cells and cytokines in postmortem tissues, i.e., lungs, intestine, liver, kidneys, and spleen of three patients with COVID-19. Imaging mass cytometry revealed monocyte, macrophage, and dendritic cell (DC) infiltration ALLO-2 in the lung, intestine, kidney, and liver tissues. Moreover, in patients with COVID-19, natural killer T cells infiltrated the liver, lungs, and intestine, whereas B cells infiltrated the kidneys, lungs, and intestine. CD11b+ macrophages and CD11c+ DCs also infiltrated the lungs and intestine, a phenomenon that was accompanied by overproduction of the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin (IL)-10. However, CD11b+ macrophages and CD11c+ DCs in the lungs or intestine of COVID-19 patients did not express human leukocyte antigen DR isotype. In contrast, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- expression was higher in the lungs, intestine, liver, and kidneys, but not in the spleen, of all COVID-19 patients (compared to levels in controls). Collectively, these findings suggested that IL-10 and TNF- as immunosuppressive and pro-inflammatory agents, respectively,might be prognostic and could serve as therapeutic targets for COVID-19. 0.01; ns, 0.01. Open in a separate window Figure 3 Immune cell responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the intestine of patients with coronavirus disease-2019 ALLO-2 (COVID-19). (A) Monocytes (CD14 and CD68), ALLO-2 CD11b+ macrophages, CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer T (NKT) cells (CD3 and CD56), and B cells (CD19) in the intestine of controls and three patients with COVID-19. (B) Bar plot for the comparison of monocytes (CD14 and CD68), CD11b+ macrophages, CD11c+ DCs, NKT cells (CD3 and CD56), and B cells (CD19) in the intestine of controls and three patients with COVID-19. The significance of differences between groups is shown as horizontal brackets and was assessed using Fisher’s exact test. *** 0.01; ns, 0.01. Second, IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, ALLO-2 plays a critical role in infection by limiting the immune response against pathogens, thereby preventing damage to the host. IL-10 is a well-known immunosuppressive cytokine (Mannino et al., 2015) that downregulates the expression of major histocompatibility.
